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14.11.19 13 OPINION Mark Shackleton Mark Shackleton is Professor of Finance at Lancaster University Saudi Aramco's $1.5 trillion IPO flies in the face of climate reality T he largest oil and gas producer, Saudi Aramco, is due to be- come the world's most valuable publicly listed company. The Saudi government is planning to sell a small fraction of the firm's shares on the Riyadh stock exchange before seeking a listing for 5% of the firm on an inter- national market. The company is so big that this would be the largest ever initial pub- lic offering (IPO) and could value the whole company at around US$1.5 trillion. This is less than the government's hoped-for valuation of US$2 trillion, but would still make Aramco 50% larger than Microsoft, Apple or Am- azon (which are all valued at about US$1 trillion). And yet the future doesn't look good for oil. The threat of climate change means most countries are looking for ways to reduce their use of fossil fu- els and many investors are trying to reduce the number of oil company stocks they hold. So why is the company considered so valuable? A closer look at the data suggests the market sees Aramco as a short- term money maker but with much worse long-term prospects. Saudi Aramco has annual profits of about US$100 billion and has prom- ised to pay annual dividends of US$75 billion. The company is committed to in- frastructure development in the Gulf and, even though it has a cash sur- plus, it borrowed US$12 billion to fund future infrastructure via a long- term bond. While this sounds like the compa- ny is in a strong position, the num- bers actually reveal a more compli- cated situation. Other large public oil companies such as Shell typically pay shareholders a dividend of 6% on their investment value. If Aramco pays a similar percentage and its total dividends reach around US$75 billion, then the actual value of the company could be closer to US$1.25 trillion. Of course that would still make the company the most valuable in the world. But there's another problem. A 6% return on investment from buying shares in the company represents the success of the company now. But the return from the company's long-term bond represents what the market expects the company's future prospects to be, and right now the bond yield is about 4% a year. When the bond yield is less than the yield from shares, it implies that pros- pects for capital growth are lower than in other sectors and that inves- tors view oil as a declining industry. The problem for Aramco and other oil firms is that climate change and falling demand has turned their oil reserves into "stranded assets". This means they could be worth much less than investors expected and perhaps even become worthless. Global investors are not looking to increase the proportion of their port- folios devoted to oil and gas firms. Many, particularly sovereign wealth funds such as Norway's, are decar- bonising their investments. Aramco's difficult flotation comes in the middle of this process. With its high prospective yield, Aramco may well be attractive to "sin stock" inves- tors who are happy to benefit from large short-term gains in socially un- acceptable companies. But investors that buy in for finan- cial or strategic reasons risk being left with stocks that become increasingly unmarketable. Who wants to be the last fund holding oil? Uncertain future What's more, the Saudi govern- ment will have to keep selling further shares in Aramco to fund its ambi- tions to transform its economy away from dependence on oil. This will depress Aramco's share price, causing future valuations to oc- cur on even worse terms. If it has proved difficult for the com- pany to get the first valuation it want- ed, what will happen later if the first sale doesn't go well? Aramco's IPO could be viewed as the privatisation and transformation of Gulf infrastructure assets and the company has started making invest- ments in renewables. However oil companies have a poor record when it comes to making real change in this direction. At the beginning of the 18th centu- ry, Wall Street was one of the loca- tions in the US that traded slaves. Soon we may look back and find it just as alien that markets were trading investments related to oil combustion at the beginning of the 21st century. Global investors are not looking to increase the proportion of their portfolios devoted to oil and gas firms. Many, particularly sovereign wealth funds such as Norway's, are decarbonising their investments

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