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5.12.19 12 OPINION 9.6.2022 Achilleas Boukis Achilleas Boukis is Associate professor, University of Birmingham • theconversation.com How top brands like Nike and Prada are using NFTs – and what could go wrong L uxury fashion house Prada has a scheme for customers who want something even more exclusive than its usual range of clothing and ac- cessories. Each month, on a first-come first-served basis, the Time Capsule Collection offers ultra-limited editions of Prada products. ey're only on sale for 24 hours, with purchases delivered straight to customers' doors. For the new June edition, there's an extra twist. ose who buy one of only 100 black and white button-down shirts by Cassius Hirst, son of renowned Brit- ish artist Damien, will receive an NFT (non-fungible token) as part of the ex- perience. ey are GIFs of the black and white capsules that Prada uses to brand these events, and they're also being made available to purchasers of previous editions. It is the latest example of how top brands are experimenting with NFTs to add another dimension to their businesses. is has recently included everything from Nike digital sneakers to virtual collectables from sport clubs such as AC Milan. For example, Guc- ci is selling a digital bag for more than its real-world equivalent (US$4,115 vs US$3,400), in a sign that the Prada NFTs could fetch a high price if they are resold. Most of the media coverage around NFTs has focused on big art auctions such as Beeple's Everydays, a giant dig- ital collage that sold for US$69 million, and the heavily hyped Bored Ape Yacht Club, 10,000 cartoon avatars of pri- mates looking, well, bored. But clearly, the arrival of traditional brands is also a major part of the story. Total NFT sales for 2022 are heading for about £90 bil- lion, more than double 2021 despite the fact that markets are sinking right now. So what are the best examples of brands operating in this space, and are there pitfalls? Early movers NFTs are online assets that double as certificates of ownership, usually of dig- ital items such as a piece or art or a vid- eo, but potentially even physical things like an item of clothing or a car. People can buy and sell NFTs on marketplac- es including OpenSea, LooksRare or Magic Eden, and the market exploded in 2021 on the back of the Beeple hype and leading celebrities like Snoop Dogg and Lebron James issuing NFTs of their own. Sport associations such as NBA and NFL were among the early movers, sell- ing NFTs of collectable cards of sport- ing heroes, videos of classic moments, and even jerseys autographed by play- ers. is is all about using NFTs to cap- italise on a loyal fan base by offering them rare assets. In the coming years, NFTs are likely to meld with the virtual worlds of the metaverse, in the sense that many will probably be usable there. Balenciaga, another luxury fashion house, has been an early pioneer in this direction, offer- ing a collection of NFT accessories for gamers to wear on Fortnite. Nike has been particularly for- ward-thinking, buying NFT pioneer RTFKT Studios late in 2021. RTFKT made its name with a collection of Man- ga-style 3D NFT characters called Clon- eX that now trade for tens of thousands of US dollars. In keeping with other top NFT collections like the Bored Apes, RTFKT is using the CloneX characters to craft a storyline that is gradually un- folding over time. In February, CloneX owners were air- dropped NFTs of mystery digital boxes known as Mnlths. e Mnlths had Nike swooshes on the side and quickly start- ed selling for upwards of US$10,000 (£7,944) on NFT marketplaces, even though nobody knew what they con- tained. In April, Nike announced that owners could "burn" them to unlock a pair of digital sneakers known as Cryp- toKicks, plus a vial that allows users to customise them, and another mystery box called Mnlth 2. A pair of Cryp- toKicks has since reportedly sold for US$134,000. Meanwhile, online platforms are help- ing to make these NFTs more usable. Meta is creating features for Facebook and Instagram that will make it possible for users to create NFTs and showcase them on their social media profiles. Spotify is working on something simi- lar, with a view to creating new revenue streams for artists and record compa- nies. Danger ahead? But if these are examples of NFTs' potential for major brands, there are also serious risks. e market has fall- en substantially in both prices and vol- umes in recent weeks in line with drops in everything from the stock market to cryptocurrencies. Many collectors will be sitting on assets that were worth a lot more several months ago. A historic sports club like, say, Real Madrid might unintentionally end up undermining its fans' financial well-be- ing as a result. Should the club compen- sate these people in some way to avoid jeopardising the relationship? Or what if the fans become like day traders, flip- ping NFTs to try and make money. Is the club then vulnerable to being accused of enabling something close to gambling? Another danger is undesirable reper- cussions from a company giving control of assets to unknown third parties. How would, say, fashion label Patagonia's customers feel about its sustainable and activist values if its NFTs ended up be- ing flaunted by a major entrepreneur in fossil fuels? For many brands it's also not yet clear whether NFTs could cannibalise the sales of their physical products. Equal- ly, not all brands have the same scarcity value of a Prada or Gucci. A budget re- tailer such as Primark might experience a lack of demand if it launched NFTs, and its image could be harmed as a re- sult. Companies launching NFTs are going to potentially need to change more than it first appears. ey will need to set up a range of new roles to manage relation- ships with NFT owners and their cor- porate reputation. is could become a distraction from the company's core business. Perhaps they become like an investment house, more focused on maximising the sales of NFTs than creating value for their customers. Especially for brands with a more progressive culture such as Ben & Jerry's or Oatly, that could raise awk- ward ethical issues. Nonetheless, it's going to be fascinat- ing to see how this market develops. e companies that succeed will prob- ably be the ones that are alert to these risks, and view NFTs as a new revenue market to explore rather than a short- term opportunity. Forget real sneakers – soon we'll be more worried about the digital variety