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13 maltatoday | WEDNESDAY • 14 SEPTEMBER 2022 OPINION Anya Free Anya Free is Ph.D. Candidate in History, University of California, Davis AS Ukraine prepared to celebrate its inde- pendence day even while its military forc- es battled a monthslong Russian invasion, government officials assembled a gran- diose, yet gruesome, display on Khresh- chatyk, the main street of Ukraine's capi- tal city, Kyiv. Wrecked and burned-out tanks, mil- itary trucks and other equipment lined the street as an intentional mockery of Russian President Vladimir Putin's failed plan of a victorious Russian army parade in Kyiv. This display, in August 2022, wasn't a first for Ukraine, and it echoes an ancient tradition of displaying the looted weap- ons of a military adversary. On the sites of battles they won, the an- cient Greeks typically erected what they called tropaions – triumphal monuments made from trees and decorated with cap- tured armor, weapons and helmets – to commemorate the victory and pay hom- age to a god. The classic Greek epic the "Iliad" contains references to Odysseus stripping the dead enemy of his armor for a subsequent ritual offering to Athena, the goddess of war and his divine patron- ess. Ancient Romans continued the practice, and also developed a tradition of military triumphs, parades through the imperial city of Rome to show off the spoils of war, including slaves, art, bullion and weap- ons. Rich benefactors then often bought the loot and donated it to the Roman pub- lic for stationary displays that symbolized Roman imperial power. Trophy displays in the Modern Era The practice continued into the modern Western world. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when Napoleon led French forces to con- quer and pillage other countries,includ- ing Italy, he brought back stolen art along with the enemy's weapons. His triumphal processions in Paris deliberately evoked Roman tradition. The objects were then displayed in the Louvre. The pillaging of cultural property be- came a feature of colonial violence, fill- ing Western museums with looted art and valuables belonging to the colonized nations. The practice is currently prohib- ited by international humanitarian law, though that does not actually stop the pillaging. Seizing the enemy's weapons, howev- er, is customarily accepted as war booty. Various nations have used displays of captured enemy arms to invoke patriot- ism and boost morale. As the wars and the weapons became bigger, so did the trophy exhibitions. In 1918, London's Trafalgar Square was turned into a "wrecked village" filled with German weapons. It was a part of the pro- motional campaign to sell bonds to con- tinue to pay for the ongoing conflict, later known to history as World War I. Battle trophies were one of the biggest sources of exhibition material for the British Im- perial War Museum in its early days. As I have shown in my doctoral disser- tation, during World War II, the Soviet Union extensively used exhibitions of tro- phy weapons as a propaganda tool. When the Red Army won the monthslong Battle of Moscow in January 1942 and began a counteroffensive, the retreating Nazi ar- my left behind a large amount of weap- ons. The trophies then became an impor- tant feature of war-themed exhibitions across the USSR. The biggest Soviet exhibition of cap- tured German weapons opened in Mos- cow's Gorky Park on June 22, 1943, the second anniversary of Germany's inva- sion of Russia. The grandiose outdoor display featured German tanks, planes, cannons and other large equipment. The exhibition conveyed two mes- sages. First, the enemy was powerful, as evidenced by its innovative and strong equipment, and victory would require everyone's full effort. Second, though, the fact the weapons were captured demon- strated that the Red Army and the Soviet people were able to overcome and defeat the invaders. Similar exhibitions opened in many other Soviet cities, including Leningrad, Minsk and Kyiv. The displays were dis- mantled by the end of the 1940s; the weapons were recycled as scrap. Mocking the enemy Since Russia first invaded the Don- bas region of eastern Ukraine in 2014, Ukrainians have embraced the practice of displaying captured weapons as trophies. In July 2014, the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War in Kyiv presented a temporary exhi- bition of heavy equipment captured from Russia-sponsored separatist groups. After the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Ukraine continued to use the trophy exhibitions of newly captured Russian weaponry as propaganda, seeking both domestic and international support. In May 2022, the National Military His- tory Museum of Ukraine opened an exhi- bition of recently destroyed Russian mil- itary equipment on Mykhailivs'ka Square in the Kyiv city center. The exhibition of the wreckage was meant to boost the mo- rale of the Ukrainian people by celebrating the strength of the Ukrainian army, and to humiliate the enemy by demonstrating the incompetence and moral inferiority of the Russian army and its weaponry. A month later, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy took then-British Prime Minister Boris Johnson to visit the exhibition, along with other sights of Kyiv. Gathering international support Ukraine has used captured weapons to seek support from other former Sovi- et-bloc countries, sending Russian trophy weapons for display in Poland and the Czech Republic. In Prague, Ukrainian Minister of Inter- nal Affairs Denys Monastyrsky opened the exhibition of the defeated Russian tanks and other weapons on July 11, 2022. In his speech, Monastyrsky re- ferred to the August 1968 Soviet invasion that crushed the anti-communist Prague Spring demonstrations, saying, "Russian tanks are back in Prague, but this time broken, burned out by the hands of the Ukrainian warriors." With this ancient practice, Ukraine is showing off its might and resolve, and demonstrating its opponents' weakness- es – boosting morale within Ukraine and bolstering support from the international community. Unexpected Ukrainian resistance continues to thwart Russia's plans for quick victories People view a Russian tanks and armoured vehicles that were put on display in Saint Michael's Square for public viewing on May 21, 2022 in Kyiv