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13 maltatoday | WEDNESDAY • 21 SEPTEMBER 2022 OPINION Julia Khrebtan-Hörhager & Evgeniya Pyatovskaya Julia Khrebtan-Hörhager is Associate Professor of Critical Cultural & International Studies, Colorado State University Evgeniya Pyatovskaya is Ph.D. Candidate in Communication, University of South Florida IN the autumn of 1922, Benito Mussolini, the ambitious and charismatic founder of the Fas- cist Party, became Italy's young- est prime minister – seizing power in a march on Rome that ushered in a dark period of total- itarian rule. A century on, Italy looks set to get its first far-right leader since Mussolini's body was strung up for all to see at the end of World War II. On Sept. 25, 2022, voters are widely expected to elect as prime minister Giorgia Meloni, the leader of Fratelli d'Italia, or Brothers of Italy – a party whose lineage traces back to the rump of Mussolini's fascists. Many Italians and Europeans are understandably worried. Her likely ascent comes at a time of national fragility for Italy, which is wracked by economic woes, spiraling inflation and an immi- gration crisis. It also poses un- comfortable questions over the idea of European identity and unity. Moreover, it is a symptom of the political malaise in Italy and of the winds that have seen populist right-wing leaders gain support around the world. Who is Giorgia Meloni? Meloni has been accused of being a political provocateur. A proud nationalist, her policy stances stress anti-immigration positions and the protection of Italy from "Islamization." In contrast, she presents herself as the defender of traditional fam- ily values, politicizing Christi- anity and motherhood as the cornerstones of the authentic Italian national identity. In a 2019 speech, she explained: "I am Giorgia. I am a woman, I am a mother, I am Italian, I am a Christian" – a rhetorical flour- ish that went viral, even being turned into a disco remix. But Meloni is also a political chameleon. She changes strate- gy when it is politically advan- tageous to do so. In her youth, she openly admired Mussolini and considered him a good pol- itician. But asked in the run-up to the election if she agreed that the fascist leader was bad for Italy, she said "yes." Over the years, she has court- ed leaders deemed by many to be ultra nationalist, such as Vladimir Putin of Russia, Viktor Orbán of Hungary and Marine Le Pen of France. Yet she has also tried to position herself as aligned with the con- servatism of the British Con- servative Party and the Repub- lican Party in the U.S. She has of late tried to dis- tance herself from prior sup- port for the strongmen of Russia and China and to reem- phasize her willingness to pa- triotically serve her country. Fratelli d'Italia's rise to power The ploy has seemingly worked. The far-right alliance of Meloni's Fratelli d'Italia and like-minded parties Lega and Forza Italia are on course to win an absolute majority in the Parliament. But it is Meloni's party that has stood out, with polls showing it is set to win around a quarter of all votes. It marks a remarkable rise to power for Fratelli d'Italia. In the course of the past four years, the party's polling num- bers have been steadily grow- ing from a little over 4% in 2018 to over 25% in 2022. The trajectory suggests that the party has either shrugged off its historical links to fascism or that many Italians simply don't care. Fratelli d'Italia is a descend- ant of the Italian Social Move- ment party, formed by Mus- solini supporters after World War II. Meloni has tried to put distance between the lineage, declaring that the Italian right considers fascism to be con- fined to Italy's history. Meloni has also exploited na- tional sentiments of insecuri- ty and anxiety, caused by the multiple crises the country has faced in the last couple of years. These include the COVID-19 pandemic that hit Italy par- ticularly hard and the still-un- resolved major humanitarian crises caused by mass migra- tion across the Mediterrane- an, with Italy being the main receiving country of migrants heading to Europe. Italy is also facing rising inflation and an ongoing energy crisis, driven by Russia's war in Ukraine and Putin's strategy of weaponizing Russia's gas supply to the Euro- pean Union. Faced with these crises, Melo- ni has positioned herself as the person to "rescue" Italy. History has proved that in times of pre- carity, charismatic ultra nation- alists leaders tend to do well. With a familiar formula of putting Italy "first," Meloni's euroskepticism, xenophobia and Islamophobia – repack- aged as patriotism – has gained popularity among Italians. Out of the chaos of coalition collapse But the success of Fratelli d'Italia is not all about Meloni. The flip side of her success is the failure of other parties and the chaos of a government col- lapse that affected many of the parties running against her. The snap election in Italy fol- lowed the resignation of Prime Minister Mario Draghi, an in- ternationally admired econo- mist nicknamed "Super Mario" for his impressive handling of the eurozone crisis as the head of the European Central Bank. Draghi presided over a wide coalition but was forced to re- sign in July 2022, amid a wors- ening economic and political crisis that saw some coalition partners turn against the prime minister. Italy has often struggled with its political leadership. The country's political system all but ensures government by coalition. But that often means rule by a group of par- ties, whose agendas and visions may be drastically different – sometimes almost mutual- ly exclusive. And the collapse of Draghi's wide coalition has tainted many parties across the political spectrum, including the once-popular 5-Star Move- ment. On top of this, there has been the individual failures of the parties challenging Meloni in the election. This has included cases of corruption, with the former leader of the Democrat- ic Party – and later the centrist Italia Viva – Matteo Renzi be- ing charged with illegal party financing. Meanwhile, failed attempts to forge a successful center-left coalition to challenge the right- wing bloc have failed, with an alliance falling apart just days after being formed. Ready to govern? The political parties gaining from this political mess have largely been on the right. In alliance with Meloni's Fratel- li d'Italia are the euroskeptic, anti-immigrant Lega and Forza Italia – the party of 85-year-old former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. But while Forza Italia and Le- ga had been part of Draghi's coalition, Meloni has been able to run on a campaign that is unblemished by association to that failed government. Meloni is also symptomatic of an emerging European political climate that has seen growth in support for hard-right poli- ticians such as Marine Le Pen in France and Hungary's Viktor Orbán. Meloni has run under a cam- paign slogan of "Pronta a gov- ernare" or "Ready to govern!" The big question now is whether Italy is ready for Mel- oni as prime minister. Giorgia Meloni – the political provocateur set to become Italy's first far-right leader since Mussolini Giorgia Meloni