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13 OPINION maltatoday | WEDNESDAY • 9 AUGUST 2023 Ali Bowes is Senior Lecturer in Sociology of Sport, Nottingham Trent University THE Fifa Women's World Cup is just 32 years old and on its eighth official edition, while the men's competition began 93 years ago and has enjoyed 22 tournaments. After the success of the 2019 WWC in France, the women's competition has progressed to new heights for 2023 in Austral- ia and New Zealand. There are more teams than ever competing, in front of the biggest TV audi- ences, with each player to be paid directly, guaranteeing prize mon- ey for the first time. It's fair to assume that this Women's World Cup is prob- ably the most significant wom- en's sporting event in history, al- though this won't be the last time we hear that phrase. The trajec- tory of women's sport is contin- ually rising – and arguably there has never been a better time to be involved in sport as a woman. But for so long women have fought for a more equal foot- ing within the male-dominated world of sport, and researchers have long highlighted the lack of equality in the game. So, as par- ticipation levels rise, TV viewing figures increase and sponsorship income improves year on year, we might ask: what's left to achieve for women in football? Alongside other research- ers, I have written about the gender gap in professional and elite-level women's foot- ball in the last few years. This body of work pays attention to some key – and in many ways overlapping and interlinked – issues in women's sport, in- cluding equal pay, injury, men- struation and maternity rights. One of the most significant developments for women's sport is the discussion on equal pay in football, advanced main- ly by the US women's national team. This World Cup has seen the biggest investment of mon- ey from Fifa yet: US$152m (£118m) to ensure that all play- ers are paid and prize money is increased and on a "pathway to equality" with the men's tour- nament. Fifa has also ensured that standards across staffing, base camps, accommodation and travel are delivered to the same level as the men's compe- tition. Facilities and healthcare However, despite the starry heights reached by the quali- fied teams, a recent report by the world players' union Fifpro found that there remain stark inequalities in women's foot- ball across the globe. A total of 362 women across teams attempting to qualify for this World Cup were surveyed, with 70% reporting poor gym facilities, 66% reporting poor or non-existent recovery facil- ities, and 54% saying they were not provided with a pre-tour- nament medical. In addition 66% players had to take unpaid leave or vacation from work and almost 33% did not receive any compensation. So there is work to be done in the elite women's game. Injuries Given the findings from Fif- pro on facilities, pitches and payment, it comes as no sur- prise that injury has become a hot topic of interest within women's football. According to sports medicine specialists, women are six times more likely to rupture their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and for this World Cup, nine of the top players are absent with the injury. Gendered environment The field of sport science has been heavily criticised for its male-dominated approach, where only 6% of research looks exclusively at women. Only now are we seeing a drive to develop female-specific equipment in response to play- er concerns, as scientists start to address the gender imbal- ance in sports technology. A powerful piece published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine highlights a gendered environment approach to un- derstanding ACL injuries. This work describes how the social construction of gender affects the ACL injury cycle across the whole life of the athlete. This includes how boys and girls learn to move (often dif- ferently) alongside inadequate training and competition en- vironments for girls, and gen- dered cultural body norms. Of- ten women competing in sport are considered "unfeminine", with athletic, muscular bodies traditionally associated with being male. In some countries, like Brazil, for example, female players in the past have struggled to be accepted in the face "cultural disapproval". It's an interesting and useful approach that high- lights the complexity of women and girls' involvement in sport. Proper football kit Menstruation, menopause and female hormone profiles across puberty, have been thought to have some impact on sports performance and in- jury. However, we're only now seeing changes made to player uniforms – namely no white shorts – in response to player fears around menstruation and leaking, to take one example. This is part of a broader shift in sportswear manufacturers finally creating women-specif- ic kit instead of the "hand-me- down men's kit" culture many ex-players experienced. Women's bodies and experi- ences This World Cup will see a number of players taking to the pitch as mothers. Despite the increasing number of profes- sional women footballers, their employment rights as mothers have often been overlooked. This has led to numbers of women quitting the sport early to have children, and research has shown that players have struggled to combine profes- sional football careers with motherhood. Fifa regulations launched at the end of 2020 provided play- ers with paid maternity leave for the first time. However, we know in some cases play- ers have concerns about taking maternity leave. For example, would their clubs think they are less com- mitted to the sport? Would their bodies recover to their pre-pregnancy form? Here, access to health sup- port and adequate facilities, as well as being properly paid, becomes key, as well as broad- er cultural change within the sport to normalise pregnancy and motherhood. It's clear that women's foot- ball has never been in a better place, and the World Cup is currently a fine showcase for it, but it's crucial that the female game to continues to strive for improvement in areas that fun- damentally affect the lives and careers of its players. What still needs to be done to improve the lot of elite female footballers Ali Bowes A major problem for women players has been using sports equipment designed for men, which has led to injuries